Francois,弗朗索瓦·拉伯雷319
Racine, Jean,让·拉辛375
Radio，无线电510,,545,546
railroads,铁路421,423,433,454,477,480,
Rama,罗摩186
Reagan, Ronald,罗纳德·里根535,541
Reformation,宗教改革310-11,313,314,319-25
reincarnation,道成肉身80,184
religion:identity politics,宗教:身份政治，527-28,538-40,543,546；reaffirmation revivals,重申复兴者547-48. See also missionaries;pries,priesthood;theology;specific religions,也见传教士、祭司、祭司制度、神学；特定宗教
Rembrandt van Rijn,伦勃朗·哈门斯·凡·兰326
Renaissance,文艺复兴268,313,317-19
Revolution,革命515
Reza Pahlevi, Shah,谢哈·礼萨·巴列维450-51
Rhodes, Cecil,塞西尔·罗德斯480
Rhodesia,罗德西亚529
Ricci, Matteo利玛窦354
Robespierre, Maximilien,马克西米连·罗伯斯比尔429
rockets,火箭525-27,535
Roman Catholic Church,罗马天主教会。249,310-11,371,428,540.See also Christianity, papacy,也见基督教，教廷
Romanov, Michael,米歇尔·罗曼诺夫330
Rome, Romans,罗马，罗马人63,68,93,153,156-65,180,196;Republic,共和国156-58; Empire,帝国160-62,165,178,194,198-200
Roosevert, Franklin D., 富兰克林·D.罗斯福490,502
Rousseau, Jean Jacques,让·雅克·罗素373
Roy, Ram Mohan,拉姆莫汉·罗伊397-98,455
Rubens, Peter Paul,彼得·保罗·鲁本斯326
Rumania,罗马尼亚160,338,495,498
Rumi 245
Russian revolution,俄国革命495-96