Pepin of Heristal,赫里斯塔尔的丕平230
Percy, Thomas,托马斯·佩西375
Perestroika(restructuring),改革535
Pericles,伯里克利137
Perry, Commodore Matthew,海军准将马修·佩里443
Persepolis,波斯波利斯168
Persian Gulf,波斯湾13,27,540
Persia, Persians,波斯，波斯人4,41,56,59-61,68,74-75,79,117,133-35,150-51,167-68,181,197,202-5,218,220,234,242. See also Iran, Iranians,也见伊朗，伊朗人
Peru,秘鲁113,278-80,304,381,540-41
Peter, Saint,圣彼得207-8
Peter, the Great,彼得大帝384-88
pharaoh,法老29-32,53,66-68,91
Phidias,菲迪亚斯146
Philip II of Spain,西班牙的菲利普二世312,315
Philip of Macedon,马其顿的腓力150
Philippines,菲律宾118,274,338,487
Philistines,腓力斯汀人56,90
philosophy,哲学6,96,99-100,140-44,153,180,188,193,207,246,265-66,274
Phoenicians,腓尼基人114
Photosynthesis,光合作用550
Phrygians,弗里基亚人56
Picasso，Pablo,巴勃罗·毕加索439
Pietists,虔信派教徒371
Pizarro, francisco,弗兰西斯科·皮萨罗314
Plataea,高原134
Plato,柏拉图142-43
Plotinus,普罗提努斯193
plow,犁3,25-26,38,222,236,257
Poland,波兰257,262,309,311,330,361,497,498,504,537
polis,城邦. See also city states,也见城市国家
Polynesians,波利尼西亚人274-75,487
polytheism,多神教17-18,82,97,105-6,153
population,人口12,178,306-7,425,445; growth,533,541-42,543,544,545,546
Portugal, Portuguese,葡萄牙，葡萄牙人259,353,355,520
postal service,邮驿服务21,159,423-24
Praxiteles,普拉克西特利斯146
price revolution,价格革命304-5
priest,priesthood,祭司，祭司制度，教士、教士制度15,17-19,31-32,34-35,37,48,59,67,82,83,85,97,105,116,184,186,280
printing,印刷术255,317,320
prophets,先知65,71-72,211,216
protestants,protestantism,新教徒，新教308,310-13,314-15,320-25,371
Prussia,普鲁士257,361,366,428.See also Germany, Germans,也见德国，德国人
Ptolemy,托勒密155,219
Pugachev, Emilian,叶梅莲·普加乔夫388
Puritants,清教徒323
Pygmies,俾格米人472
Pythagoras,毕达哥拉斯100
Qaddafi, Muammar, al-,穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲539
Quaker,贵格会教徒371
Quietism,静修371
Rabelais,