s to Asia and Africa,1870—1970 (New Haven, Conn., 1987).
关于战争，值得推荐的阅读书目包括：J. Ropp, War in the Modern World, rev. ed. (New York, 1962); Michael Howard, War in European History (Oxford, 976); William H. McNeill, Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force, and Society since A. D.1000 (Chicago, 1982); 和Raymond Aron, The Century of Total War (Boston, 1955). 关于一战的序幕，见：Laurence Lafore, The Long Fuse: An Interpretation of the Origins of World War I (Philadelphia, 1965), 和Fritz Fischer, Germany’s Arms in the First World War (New York, 1967)特别有趣。关于第一次世界大战，见Marc Ferro, The Great War, 1914—1918 (New York, 1989); Barbara Tuchman, The Guns of August (New York, 1982);和 Gerd Hartach, The First World War 1914-1918 (Berkeley, 1981).
关于俄国革命，John Reed, Ten Days That Shock the World (New York, 1992)是一名富有激情的记者的经典而富有同情心的现场描述。Leon Trosky, History of the Russian Revolution, 3 vols. (London, 1932—33；reissue, New York, 1980), 是一部由十月革命宣传家之一撰写的卓越的、富有见地的历史著作。关于其它观点，见Edward Acton, Rethinking the Russian Revolution (London, 1990); E. H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917—23, 3vols. (London, 1985); John L.H. Keep, The Russian Revolution: A Study in Mass Mobilization (New York, 1976); 和Allan K. Wildman, The End of the Russian Imperial Army, 2 vols. (Princeton, 1980-87). 关于苏维埃社会和政府，Roy Medvedev, Let History Judge: The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism, rev. ed. (New York, 1989), 是从俄国内部发出的强烈批评观点。局外人的评估包括：Robert C. Tucker, Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above (New York, 1990); Adam B. Ulam, Stalin: The Man and His Era, rev.ed. (Boston, 1989); 和Alec Nove, An Economic History of the USSR,1917—1991, 3rd ed. (Harmondsworth, 1992).
关于战后和20世纪30年代的“大萧条”，见Sally Marks, The Illusion of Peace: International Relations in Europe1918—1933 (New York, 1976); Franz Borkenau, World Communism: A History of the Communist International (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1962); Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (San Diego, 1979); Ernst Nolte, Three Faces of Fascis: Action Francaise, Italian Fasci